Gnaphosidae

Gnaphosidae is a large family of araneomorph spiders, commonly known as ground spiders. They are found worldwide, inhabiting a wide range of terrestrial environments, from deserts and grasslands to forests and even urban areas. These spiders are typically nocturnal hunters, often found on the ground or in low vegetation.

Morphologically, gnaphosids are characterized by their eight eyes arranged in two rows, with the posterior row often recurved. They possess a distinct pair of spinnerets, which are usually elongated and cylindrical. Their coloration varies but often includes dark browns, blacks, or grays, providing camouflage against their surroundings. Many species have flattened bodies, allowing them to hide in crevices and under rocks or bark.

Gnaphosids are predators that primarily feed on insects and other small invertebrates. They are active hunters, often ambushing their prey or pursuing it over short distances. Some species are known to construct silken retreats or burrows, often lined with silk, where they rest during the day and lay their eggs. The silk produced by gnaphosids is typically used for lining burrows, egg sacs, and sometimes for draglines.

The family is diverse, with over 2,000 described species in more than 200 genera. Despite their commonality and widespread distribution, many gnaphosid species are not well-studied, and new discoveries are still being made. Their role in ecosystems includes the control of insect populations.