Gajakarna

Gajakarna, derived from the Sanskrit words gaja (elephant) and karṇa (ear), is an ornamental motif that resembles the broad, curved ear of an elephant. It is most commonly found as a sculptural element in South Indian temple architecture where it is carved into the pillars, lintels, and eaves of the sanctum and mandapa. The motif is often rendered in a stylised, semi‑abstract form with exaggerated curves and subtle detailing that suggest both the fluidity of stone carving and the symbolic resonance of the elephant’s ear as a symbol of strength and prosperity.

In addition to its architectural use, the Gajakarna motif is frequently seen in traditional Tamil Nadu textiles. Embroidered on silk sarees and sets, the motif appears as repeating patterns or as a highlight in a border design. The motif is also used in jewel craft where miniature representations of the ear are incorporated into temple jewelry and decorative bangles.

The motif’s symbolic significance is rooted in cultural associations with elephants in Indian mythology and rural folklore. Elephants are considered benevolent beings that bring wealth, wisdom, and protection; therefore, the Gajakarna is used on temple exteriors as a protective emblem and on textiles as a mark of auspiciousness.

Scholars of South Indian art such as K. Sanghamitra and M. Sivakumar have documented the use of the Gajakarna motif in the late first millennium, noting its proliferation across the Chola and Pandya dynasties. The motif is also mentioned in temple grant inscriptions where it is recorded as part of the ornamental vocabulary of the “tala” (roofing) and “swearing” (lintel).

For contemporary practice, the Gajakarna motif continues to inspire modern Indian designers who incorporate its distinct curvature into architectural façades, ceramic ware, and contemporary textile collections, maintaining its longstanding link to cultural identity and regional heritage.