mandapa

Mandapa is a pillared pavilion or hall in Indian temple architecture, found in Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist buildings. The term derives from Sanskrit mandapa, meaning a pavilion or place of assembly. In temple complexes, mandapas function as transitional spaces between the outer precinct and the garbhagriha (sanctum) and as venues for ritual, music, dance, instruction, or public gatherings.

Types commonly recognized by location and use include the mukha mandapa (entrance hall), ardha mandapa (vestibule before the sanctum), and maha mandapa (great hall). In many South Indian temples, additional halls such as the ranga or natya mandapa are built for dance and dramatic performances. Some temples also feature a navagraha mandapa or other specialized pavilions.

Architecturally, mandapas are supported by rows of pillars, often richly sculpted with deities, legends, foliage, and geometric motifs. Stone pillars vary regionally, ranging from fluted and lathe-turned to monolithic pillars. The ceiling may be paneled or vaulted, and porches or ambulatory spaces sometimes surround the hall.

Regional variations reflect local traditions: in Dravidian architecture of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh, mandapas form key transitional spaces along the temple axis; in Odisha, mandapas accompany jagamohana and natamandapa in the temple ensemble. Jain and Buddhist mandapas also appear as assembly halls within monasteries or temple complexes.

In sum, the mandapa is a versatile, ritual-oriented space that mediates between sanctuary and public space, enabling worship, performance, and communal activity within temple culture.