Fotofobifonofobi

Fotofobifonofobi is a neologistic term used to describe the co-occurrence of photophobia (light sensitivity or fear of bright light) and phonophobia (sound sensitivity or fear of loud noises). It is not an officially recognized diagnostic category in major classification systems such as the DSM-5-TR or ICD-11, but is sometimes used to refer to a symptom cluster or comorbidity in discussions of sensory processing, migraines, or anxiety disorders.

Symptoms commonly associated with fotofobifonofobi include distress or fear responses to bright or flickering light and to loud or sudden sounds, avoidance of bright environments or noisy settings, headaches, nausea, dizziness, sleep disruption, and heightened anxiety in overstimulating environments. The experience can range from mild discomfort to severe functional impairment in daily life.

Possible causes and associations include heightened sensory processing sensitivity, migraine with aura, traumatic brain injury or concussion, anxiety or panic disorders, PTSD, and certain neurodevelopmental conditions such as autism spectrum disorders. The underlying mechanisms may involve central nervous system hyperexcitability, dysregulated autonomic responses, and amplified sensory gain.

Diagnosis is not based on formal criteria for fotofobifonofobi itself; rather, clinicians assess the presence of light and sound sensitivity and explore underlying conditions such as migraine, sensory processing disorders, or anxiety disorders. Differential diagnosis may include hyperacusis, photophobia due to ocular or neurological conditions, and other sensory disorders.

Management focuses on environmental modification, identifying and avoiding known triggers, and treating underlying conditions. Practical approaches include using sunglasses or dim lighting, reducing ambient noise, employing gradual desensitization or cognitive-behavioral therapy, and, when appropriate, pharmacologic treatment for migraines or anxiety. Occupational therapy and coping strategies can be helpful, with prognosis varying by underlying cause and individual factors.