Flebit

Flebit, also known as phlebitis, is the inflammation of a vein. It can occur with or without a blood clot and may affect superficial veins near the skin or deeper veins within a limb. When a clot is involved, the condition is often described as thrombophlebitis. Septic phlebitis is a bacterial infection of a vein.

There are two main clinical forms: superficial phlebitis and deep vein thrombophlebitis. Superficial phlebitis involves veins near the surface of the body, typically presenting with localized tenderness, redness, and warmth along the course of the vein. Deep vein thrombophlebitis (DVT) involves deeper leg or arm veins and carries a higher risk of complications, notably pulmonary embolism if a clot travels to the lungs. Septic phlebitis occurs when infection is present and requires antibiotics.

Causes and risk factors include venous injury from intravenous lines, surgery, trauma, and localized infections; venous stasis from prolonged immobility; hypercoagulable states; cancer; obesity; pregnancy; and advanced age. The condition can arise without clear cause, but recent procedures or illnesses often contribute.

Diagnosis typically relies on clinical evaluation and imaging. Duplex ultrasonography is the primary test for detecting DVT. D-dimer testing may help in selected cases. Blood tests can identify infection or inflammatory markers when septic or non-infectious etiologies are suspected.

Treatment depends on the type and severity. Superficial phlebitis is usually managed with rest, compression, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and warm compresses; removing any offending IV line is advised. Thrombophlebitis and DVT may require anticoagulation and treatment of underlying risk factors; septic phlebitis requires antibiotics and source control. Prevention focuses on aseptic IV techniques, early mobilization, and managing venous risk factors.