Exécutif

Exécutif is a term used in political science and constitutional law to designate the branch of government charged with implementing laws and managing the day-to-day administration. In most states, the pouvoir exécutif operates separately from the legislative and judicial branches, though the balance of powers varies by constitutional design. The executive typically comprises a head of state and, in many systems, a head of government, along with a cabinet or council of ministers who oversee the administration of government ministries and agencies. Its core functions include proposing and enforcing laws, setting policy priorities, preparing the budget, administering public services, and directing foreign affairs and national defense. The executive also represents the state in international relations.

Variations: In presidential systems, exemplified by the United States, the president is both head of state and head of government and is relatively independent from the legislature. In parliamentary systems, such as the United Kingdom or many European countries, the head of government is usually chosen from the legislature and is dependent on it, while the head of state has a largely ceremonial role. In semi-presidential systems, a president and a prime minister share executive responsibilities, with powers and relationships defined by the constitution.

Other uses: The term is also applied to the executive body of organizations, corporations, or municipalities—the leadership tasked with policy implementation and operations.

Examples: In France, l’exécutif consists of the President, the Prime Minister, and the Council of Ministers. In the European Union, the European Commission acts as the EU’s executive arm, proposing legislation and ensuring its application.

Etymology: exécuter originates from the French verb exécuter, meaning to carry out or perform, with exécutif forming the noun/adjective describing the executive power.