semipresidential

Semipresidential system, also called semi-presidentialism, is a form of government in which a president exists alongside a prime minister and cabinet, sharing executive power. The president is usually elected directly and may appoint the prime minister (often with parliamentary approval), represent the country abroad, and sometimes dissolve parliament. The prime minister heads government, is responsible for domestic policy, and is typically answerable to the legislature.

Power allocation varies by constitution and practice. In the premier-presidential variant, the president has substantial formal powers while the prime minister depends on legislative confidence. In other configurations, the president and prime minister may come from different parties, creating a period of cohabitation in which foreign and domestic policy are shared in practice. The balance of power can shift with changing elections and party control.

Origin and examples. The model is associated with France's Fifth Republic (1958) and has since been adopted in several countries, including Portugal, Finland, Austria, Russia, and Ukraine. The precise division of powers differs by country and over time as constitutions are amended.

Impact and evaluation. Semipresidential systems aim to combine popular legitimacy with parliamentary accountability. They can provide stability and checks on power, but may also cause gridlock or unclear responsibility if leaders disagree. The effectiveness of a semipresidential regime depends on constitutional design and political practice.