EEO

Equal employment opportunity (EEO) refers to the principle and set of laws designed to ensure fair access to employment and advancement, free from discrimination based on protected characteristics. EEO prohibits biased hiring, promotion, compensation, termination, and terms and conditions of work, and it forbids harassment and retaliation for asserting rights.

In the United States, federal EEO laws prohibit discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, and genetic information. The Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 amended Title VII to prohibit discrimination on pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions. State and local laws may extend protections to additional characteristics such as sexual orientation and gender identity. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) enforces these laws and oversees investigations and enforcement actions. Key statutes include the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VII), the Age Discrimination in Employment Act, the Americans with Disabilities Act, and the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act.

EEO coverage typically applies to employers and employment agencies, with thresholds and exemptions varying by statute. Requirements commonly include non-discrimination policies, reasonable accommodations for disabilities and religious practices, equal pay for equal work, and protection against retaliation for complaints or participation in investigations.

Enforcement and remedies: The EEOC investigates complaints, engages in conciliation, and may sue to enforce compliance. Individuals may sue after receiving a right-to-sue letter. Remedies can include back pay, reinstatement, promotions, damages where allowed, and orders to change policies or provide training.

There are similar equal-opportunity frameworks in many countries, reflecting a global emphasis on fair treatment in employment.