Dyspraxi

Dyspraxi, commonly referred to as dyspraxia or developmental coordination disorder (DCD), is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by difficulties with planning and coordinating movements. People with dyspraxia have trouble with the smooth, accurate execution of motor tasks, which can affect everyday activities such as writing, dressing, tying shoes, throwing or catching a ball, and riding a bike. The difficulties are persistent, typically appearing in early childhood, and are not explained by intellectual disability or lack of exposure to practice.

Common signs include clumsiness, delayed motor milestones, poor balance and coordination, awkward gait, difficulties with fine motor skills (e.g., handwriting, scissors use), planning and sequencing tasks, and fatigue or frustration during activities requiring motor control. These challenges can impact academic performance, self-esteem, and participation in sports and social activities.

Etiology is not fully understood, but is thought to involve atypical development of brain networks that coordinate movement, with genetic and environmental contributions. Diagnosis is usually made in childhood after developmental monitoring and standardized motor assessments (such as the Movement Assessment Battery for Children) show motor difficulties that significantly interfere with daily life, in the absence of a general intellectual disability or other medical conditions.

Management is multidisciplinary and individualized. Interventions commonly include occupational therapy to improve fine motor skills and daily living tasks, physical therapy to enhance gross motor development and balance, and school-based accommodations. Strategies such as task analysis, extra processing time, and assistive devices can aid learning and participation. Regular physical activity is encouraged to support coordination and overall health.

The prognosis varies; many individuals improve with targeted interventions, though some experience persistent difficulties into adolescence or adulthood. The term dyspraxia is widely used in public discourse, while clinicians may prefer developmental coordination disorder to reflect its broader conceptual framework.