DrivetrainVerluste

DrivetrainVerluste, or drivetrain losses, describe the energy that is lost between the power source and the driven wheels in motor vehicles. These losses arise from friction, heat, and nonideal energy conversion within the propulsion chain. Components contributing to losses include transmissions (manual, automatic, or dual-clutch), final drives, driveshafts or chains, differentials, bearings, seals, couplings, lubrication systems, and, in electric drivetrains, motors and inverters. The magnitude of losses depends on design, operating conditions, temperature, and vehicle type.

In conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, the drivetrain comprises the engine’s parasitic losses plus the transmission and final drive. Typical cumulative losses from engine to wheels are in a broad range, often cited as about 10 to 25 percent of the engine’s power under steady operation, with higher losses during startup, high loads, or at extreme speeds due to friction, windage, and lubrication heating. The exact value varies with transmission type, gearing, and lubrication state, and is a major factor influencing fuel economy and performance.

Electric drivetrains generally exhibit higher inherent electrical-to-mechanical efficiency, but still incur losses in the motor, inverter, and gearbox. Modern EV drivetrain losses are commonly around 5 to 15 percent, depending on motor design, cooling, and operating point. All-wheel-drive configurations with multiple motors or additional transfer mechanisms can add further losses in the differentials and drive components.

Measurement of DrivetrainVerluste is typically done by comparing motor or engine output to wheel output, using dynamometer tests or vehicle simulations. Reducing these losses through optimized gear ratios, low-friction bearings and lubricants, lightweight components, and efficient cooling remains a key area for improving overall efficiency, range, and performance.