Distention

Distention, in medical terms, refers to the state of being distended or swollen due to inward pressure or accumulation of contents within a hollow organ or body cavity. Abdominal distention is the most common usage, describing an abnormal increase in abdominal girth caused by gas, fluid, stool, or organ enlargement.

Causes of distention are varied and can be broadly categorized by mechanism. In the abdomen, distention may result from gaseous buildup, ileus, or mechanical bowel obstruction; ascites from liver disease or other causes; or external factors such as obesity, pregnancy, or tumors that increase abdominal volume. Distention can also occur with distended hollow organs in other parts of the body.

Clinical evaluation involves a thorough history and physical examination, focusing on onset, progression, associated symptoms (pain, vomiting, constipation, fever), and risk factors. Physical findings may include visible abdominal contour changes, tympanic percussion, and altered bowel sounds. Diagnostic workup typically includes imaging such as an upright abdominal X-ray or CT scan to identify obstruction, fluid shifts, or masses, along with laboratory tests to assess infection, electrolyte status, liver function, and other etiologies.

Management targets the underlying cause. Mechanical obstruction or strangulation may require surgical intervention, while ileus or gaseous distention often responds to bowel rest (NPO), fluid management, electrolyte correction, and mobilization. Ascites is managed with diuretics and, when indicated, paracentesis; obesity and pregnancy-related distention have separate considerations. Pain control and antiemetics may provide symptomatic relief, but definitive treatment depends on the precise etiology.

Prognosis varies with cause; some forms of distention resolve with conservative care, while others signal serious conditions requiring urgent intervention. Early recognition and targeted treatment are essential.