Cukrzyc

Cukrzyc is not a standard term in Polish medical usage; the accepted Polish term for the condition is cukrzyca. In English, the disease is diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of metabolic disorders characterized by chronic hyperglycemia due to impaired insulin secretion, impaired insulin action, or both. This imbalance affects how the body uses and stores glucose and other fuels.

There are several main types of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes results from autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells and requires lifelong insulin therapy. Type 2 diabetes involves insulin resistance and often reduced insulin production, managed with lifestyle changes, oral medications, and sometimes insulin. Gestational diabetes occurs when glucose tolerance is impaired during pregnancy. Other specific types arise from rare genetic or medical conditions.

Common symptoms include frequent urination, excessive thirst, extreme hunger, unintended weight loss, fatigue, and blurred vision. Diagnosis is based on measurements such as fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, or results from an oral glucose tolerance test, with thresholds defined by clinical guidelines. Regular screening is advised for those at risk or with related health issues.

Management focuses on maintaining blood glucose within target ranges to prevent complications. This typically combines healthy eating, regular physical activity, weight management, self-monitoring of blood glucose, and appropriate medications. Type 1 requires insulin therapy; type 2 may involve metformin and other agents, potentially progressing to insulin. Gestational diabetes requires careful monitoring and treatment to protect both mother and child.

Long-term complications can affect the cardiovascular system, eyes (retinopathy), kidneys (nephropathy), nerves (neuropathy), and feet, and are more likely with prolonged hyperglycemia. Prevention emphasizes healthy lifestyle and early, ongoing medical care.