Constipated

Constipated is the adjective used to describe a person who has constipation. Constipation is a common gastrointestinal condition defined by infrequent or difficult bowel movements. In adults, it is commonly fewer than three spontaneous bowel movements per week, with hard or dry stools and straining during defecation. Some people also experience a sense of incomplete evacuation or abdominal discomfort.

Causes and risk factors: Constipation can be functional or secondary to another condition. Common factors include low dietary fiber, inadequate fluids, and a sedentary lifestyle. Medications such as opioids, some antacids, iron supplements, and certain antidepressants can contribute. Pregnancy, aging, and illnesses like hypothyroidism or irritable bowel syndrome with constipation also play a role.

Diagnosis: Most cases are diagnosed from history and physical examination. Doctors may assess stool frequency and consistency and rule out red flags such as blood in stool, unintended weight loss, or severe pain. When symptoms persist or are unclear, additional tests may be used to exclude other conditions.

Treatment: Management emphasizes lifestyle changes: higher fiber intake, adequate fluids, regular activity, and responding promptly to defecation urges. Short-term use of laxatives or stool softeners can help; options include bulk-forming, osmotic, and stimulant laxatives under medical guidance. In some cases, pelvic floor therapy or other targeted treatments may be considered.

Prognosis and complications: Most people improve with self-care or simple treatments. Potential complications include hemorrhoids, anal fissures, fecal impaction, and, rarely, bowel obstruction. Seek medical care if constipation lasts several weeks, if there is blood in the stool, weight loss, or severe pain.