ComputerSoftware

Computer software, often simply called software, is a collection of instructions that tell a computer how to perform tasks. It contrasts with hardware, the physical components, and includes programs, data, and associated documentation that enable computers to operate and perform functions.

Software is generally categorized into system software, which coordinates and manages hardware and provides a platform for applications; and application software, which performs user-oriented tasks such as word processing, web browsing, or media editing. Firmware sits between hardware and software in devices.

System software includes operating systems, device drivers, and utility programs. An operating system manages resources, provides services, and enables multitasking and security. Drivers translate between hardware devices and software, while utilities perform maintenance and optimization tasks.

Application software comprises programs and libraries that help users accomplish specific objectives. It can be installed locally, run from the cloud, or delivered as software as a service. Programming languages, compilers, interpreters, and application programming interfaces enable software development.

Software is distributed under various licenses, including proprietary, open source, freeware, and shareware. Open source software makes source code available for review and modification, while proprietary software restricts access. The choice influences costs, transparency, interoperability, and long-term support.

The software lifecycle covers requirements, design, implementation, testing, deployment, and maintenance. Software projects rely on version control, quality assurance, and documentation. Recent trends include modular architectures, cloud-native approaches, and continual updates through automated build and release pipelines.