CoQ10

CoQ10, short for coenzyme Q10, is a lipid-soluble benzoquinone found in the mitochondria of most human cells. It exists in two redox forms, ubiquinone (oxidized) and ubiquinol (reduced), and participates in cellular energy production by shuttling electrons within the mitochondrial electron transport chain to help generate ATP. In addition to its role in energy metabolism, CoQ10 acts as an antioxidant, protecting cell membranes from oxidative damage and helping to regenerate other antioxidants such as vitamin E.

CoQ10 is both synthesized by the human body and obtained from the diet. Natural sources include organ meats, meat, fatty fish, and some plant-based foods. Because CoQ10 is fat-soluble, its absorption improves with dietary fat, and it is transported in lipoproteins throughout the body. The body can convert between ubiquinone and ubiquinol depending on cellular redox conditions.

In humans, CoQ10 participates in energy production in almost all cells and is particularly important in tissues with high energy demands, such as the heart and skeletal muscle. It is also studied as a supplement for certain health conditions, including heart failure and migraine, though trial results are inconsistent and no cure or proven preventive therapy has been established. Supplements are commonly taken in doses ranging from modest to high, but the evidence for routine use remains limited.

Safety is generally favorable, with common side effects including gastrointestinal upset and headaches. CoQ10 can interact with some medications, notably warfarin, and should be used under medical supervision by individuals on anticoagulants or those considering other prescription therapies.