oxidative

Oxidative refers to oxidation, a chemical process in which a substance loses electrons or increases oxidation state, frequently involving oxygen but not necessarily. Oxidation is part of redox reactions, in which oxidants accept electrons and reduce.

In chemistry, oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions describe electron transfer; common examples include rusting of iron, combustion, and corrosion. Oxidizing agents such as oxygen, chlorine, or hydrogen peroxide drive oxidation; reducing agents donate electrons. The concept is central to many industrial, environmental, and biological processes.

In biology, oxidative processes include cellular respiration and energy production. Oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria uses electrons transferred via the electron transport chain to pump protons, producing ATP; oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration. These processes can generate reactive oxygen species as byproducts.

Oxidative stress occurs when reactive oxygen species overwhelm antioxidant defenses, causing damage to lipids, proteins, and DNA. It is implicated in aging and various diseases. Cells use antioxidants like glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and dietary vitamins to counter ROS.

In food science and industry, oxidation affects shelf life and quality; lipid peroxidation leads to rancidity. Antioxidants, such as vitamin C and E, are added to foods to delay oxidative degradation.

In environmental chemistry, oxidative processes contribute to the degradation of pollutants, such as through hydroxyl radical reactions or photocatalytic oxidation.