dismutase

Dismutase is a type of enzyme that catalyzes the dismutation (also known as disproportionation) of superoxide radicals (O2•−) into oxygen (O2) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). These enzymes play a crucial role in protecting cells from oxidative stress by neutralizing potentially harmful reactive oxygen species generated during metabolic processes.

There are several forms of dismutase enzymes, with the most common being superoxide dismutase (SOD). SOD exists in multiple isoforms based on their metal cofactors: Cu/ZnSOD (copper and zinc) found primarily in the cytosol, MnSOD (manganese) localized in mitochondria, and FeSOD (iron) present in some bacteria and other organisms. Each isoform performs a similar function but operates within specific cellular compartments.

The reaction catalyzed by SOD can be summarized as follows: 2 O2•− + 2 H+ → O2 + H2O2. The resulting hydrogen peroxide is subsequently detoxified by other enzymes like catalase and glutathione peroxidase, converting it into water and oxygen, thereby preventing cellular damage.

Dismutase enzymes are vital for maintaining cellular health and preventing oxidative damage to DNA, proteins, and lipids. Dysfunction or deficiency in these enzymes has been linked to various diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, and age-related conditions.

Research into dismutase enzymes has also explored their potential therapeutic applications, such as in antioxidant therapies aimed at reducing oxidative stress-related damage. Overall, dismutases are integral to the body's natural defense system against oxidative injury.