compartments

Compartments are defined spaces within a larger whole, created by boundaries such as membranes, walls, partitions, or natural separations. They organize material, energy, or information by restricting movement between areas and by concentrating processes within a limited volume.

In biology, many cellular and bodily functions rely on compartments. Cells contain organelles such as the nucleus and mitochondria, which are separate chemical environments. Multicellular organisms are organized into body compartments like cavities (cranial, thoracic, abdominal) and muscle compartments formed by fascia. Compartment syndrome is a medical condition resulting from increased pressure within a closed space.

In engineering and infrastructure, compartments provide containment and safety. Ships and submarines divide hulls into watertight compartments; trains and aircraft use passenger and cargo compartments; buildings use rooms and closets; furniture uses drawers and cubbies.

In information technology and security, compartmentalization refers to separating data or functions to limit access and risk. Sandboxing and containerization are practical implementations of this principle in software.

Origin and usage: the term derives from the Latin compartire, to divide. Compartmentalization and compartment are used across disciplines to describe bounded regions that enable specialized function, control of exchange, or protection. See also boundary, enclosure, and transfer of materials across interfaces.