Ships

Ships are large waterborne vessels designed for transport or service on seas, oceans, and navigable waterways. They are built to carry heavy loads, endure harsh conditions, and travel long distances. Core elements include the hull, propulsion system, rudder, and superstructure. Modern ships rely on electronic navigation aids, communication systems, and safety equipment, all governed by international regulations that cover construction, operation, and crewing.

Types of ships reflect their functions. Cargo ships move goods and include container ships, bulk carriers, and tankers. Passenger ships range from ocean liners and cruise ships to ferries serving shorter routes. Specialized vessels include fishing boats, research ships, icebreakers, and military ships such as destroyers and aircraft carriers. Historically, ships were powered by wind; today propulsion is engine-driven, with diesel engines dominating and variations such as diesel-electric or gas turbines used on some classes.

Propulsion and navigation: Engine technology has evolved from sail and oars to steam and then diesel and electric drives. Modern ships may use diesel-electric, pure diesel, or gas-turbine propulsion. Navigation relies on radar, GPS, AIS, and electronic charts, with safety frameworks such as SOLAS and COLREGs guiding operation. Crews, port calls, and pilot transfers are routine, while environmental concerns drive measures on emissions, ballast water treatment, and waste management.