Q10

Q10 refers to ubiquinone-10, a form of coenzyme Q. It is a lipophilic benzoquinone molecule with a tail of ten isoprenoid units and is found in the membranes of nearly all cells, most abundantly in mitochondria. Ubiquinone participates in the mitochondrial electron transport chain, shuttling electrons from complexes I and II to complex III, which helps drive the proton gradient and ATP synthesis. In its reduced form, ubiquinol (QH2), it also acts as a lipid-soluble antioxidant, protecting membranes and lipoproteins from oxidative damage. The molecule cycles between its oxidized and reduced states as part of cellular respiration.

Humans synthesize Q10 endogenously via the mevalonate pathway and obtain additional amounts from the diet. Rich dietary sources include fatty fish, organ meats, and certain vegetable oils. Levels of Q10 tend to decrease with age, and some medications that inhibit cholesterol synthesis, such as statins, can lower endogenous production.

Clinical use and safety: Q10 is available as a dietary supplement and is sometimes used with the aim of supporting heart function, migraine prevention, or exercise performance. Evidence for heart failure shows modest and not universally accepted benefits; data for migraines and athletic performance are inconsistent. Q10 is generally well tolerated, but possible side effects include gastrointestinal upset and insomnia, and it may interact with anticoagulants such as warfarin, requiring medical supervision.