Chiropterophily

Chiropterophily refers to the pollination of flowers by bats (order Chiroptera). It is a pollination syndrome that evolved in several plant families. In chiropterophilous systems, bats obtain nectar or fruit pulp from flowers and, in the process, transfer pollen between flowers, enabling reproductive success and genetic exchange. Both megabats (fruit bats) and microbats may act as pollinators; megabats typically feed on nectar and fruit and are important pollinators in tropical forests and deserts.

Flower traits: Characteristic nocturnal anthesis (opening at night); large, sturdy flowers; pale, white, or cream-colored petals that reflect moonlight; strong musky, fruity, or musty odors to attract bats; abundant, energetically rich nectar; robust floral architecture to withstand bat size and contact; pollen often heavy and sticky or in discrete masses on the fur of visiting bats. Flowers are often suspended or high in the canopy or along plant stems to ease bat access.

Ecology and evolution: chiropterophily often involves long-distance pollen transfer, promoting gene flow. It frequently co-occurs with other nocturnal pollinators but can be the dominant pollinator in certain habitats where bats are active. Regions with high chiropterophily include the Americas, Africa, and parts of Asia and Australia.

Examples: cactus and agave species in the Americas are classic bat-pollinated plants; epiphytic and tropical plants such as certain night-blooming epiphytes may also rely on bats. The exact plant groups vary by region.

Conservation: bat declines due to habitat loss, disease, and light pollution can disrupt pollination networks. Protecting bat roosts and foraging habitat supports chiropterophilous plant reproduction.