Cerastes

Cerastes is a genus of venomous snakes in the family Viperidae, commonly known as horned vipers because most species possess horn-like scales above the eyes. The genus comprises three species: Cerastes cerastes, Cerastes gasperettii, and Cerastes vipera. They are adapted to desert environments in North Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and parts of the Middle East.

These snakes are generally stocky with cryptic, sandy coloration that helps them blend into desert substrates. They have a flattened body and a tendency to burrow or partially bury themselves in the sand, lying in wait for prey. A characteristic feature for many species is the pair of horn-like scales over the eyes, which can help shade the eyes from direct sunlight and may disrupt the silhouette of the head.

Cerastes species are ambush predators. They feed on small mammals, lizards, birds, and occasionally amphibians, striking swiftly from their sand-hidden positions. They are primarily active at night or during cooler parts of the day, avoiding the extreme heat of the desert sun.

All species in the genus Cerastes are venomous. Their venom can cause pain, swelling, tissue damage, and coagulation abnormalities in bitten victims, so bites require prompt medical attention. Antivenom is available in regions where these snakes occur, and first aid emphasizes keeping the affected limb immobilized and seeking professional care.

Conservation status varies regionally, with habitat degradation and collection for trade posing potential threats to some populations. The genus remains a notable example of desert-adapted snakes with specialized coloration and behavior.