Cephalogramm

Cephalogramm, commonly referred to as a cephalogram, is a radiographic image of the head used primarily in orthodontics and craniofacial assessment. The most frequent form is a lateral cephalogram, which provides a side view of the skull and facial skeleton; frontal or posteroanterior projections may be used in specific diagnostic contexts. The image is produced with the patient in a standardized position, often using a cephalostat to reduce movement, and represents a two-dimensional projection of a three-dimensional structure.

Cephalograms serve to evaluate skeletal and dental relationships, facial proportions, and soft tissue profile. They are used for diagnosis, treatment planning, and assessment of growth and treatment outcomes. In orthodontics, cephalometric analysis involves identifying anatomical landmarks and applying measurements and angular relationships to quantify relationships between the cranial base, maxilla, mandible, and dentition. Common analytical schemes include landmark-based approaches and measures such as the position of points like Sella, Nasion, A-point, B-point, and Pogonion, as well as reference planes such as the Frankfort horizontal plane. Several analyses have been developed, including Steiner, Downs, Tweed, and McNamara, each with its own set of norms and emphasis.

Advantages of cephalometry include repeatable, standardized measurements and the ability to compare changes over time. Limitations include its two-dimensional nature, potential magnification and distortion, and reliance on precise landmark identification. Radiation exposure is a consideration, though modern protocols strive to minimize dose. Digital cephalometry and software-assisted tracing have largely supplemented traditional film methods, and 3D imaging techniques are increasingly used for complementary assessment.