Carpocapsae

Carpocapsae refers to Steinernema carpocapsae, a species of entomopathogenic nematode in the family Steinernematidae. It is widely used as a biological control agent against a range of insect pests in agriculture and horticulture. S. carpocapsae is one of the most studied and commercially utilized nematodes for pest management, valued for its efficacy against surface-dwelling or mobile larvae and for a relatively broad host range among soil-dwelling pests.

The biology of S. carpocapsae centers on an infective juvenile (IJ) stage that seeks hosts in the soil. IJs enter insect hosts through natural openings or by penetrating soft cuticles, often using an ambush strategy near the soil surface. Inside the host, the nematodes release symbiotic bacteria, Xenorhabdus nematophila, which multiply and produce toxins that rapidly kill the insect within 24–48 hours. The nematodes feed on the cadaver and bacteria, reproduce, and produce new IJs that emerge to infect additional hosts.

S. carpocapsae is particularly effective against caterpillars and beetle larvae that remain near the soil surface or on plant material. It is applied in greenhouses, fruit orchards, and field crops, usually as a living suspension or formulated product. Successful use requires moist, shaded conditions and adequate soil or leaf surface moisture for nematode survival and host finding. Storage and handling guidelines emphasize refrigeration and protection from ultraviolet light to maintain viability.

As with other biological controls, environmental factors such as desiccation, high temperatures, and UV exposure limit persistence in the field. Efficacy depends on soil texture, moisture, and pest biology, and repeated applications are often necessary. Carpocapsae is typically integrated into broader integrated pest management programs and is subject to regulatory approval in many regions.