Caprimulgus

Caprimulgus is a genus of nightjars in the family Caprimulgidae, comprising medium-sized, nocturnal birds distributed mainly in the Old World. The name Caprimulgus comes from Latin and refers to the old belief that these birds suck milk from goats. Members of this genus are characterized by cryptic, mottled plumage in shades of brown, gray, and black, with long wings, a short neck, and a small bill. Their large eyes reflect their nocturnal lifestyle.

These birds are insectivores that hunt by rapidly catching flying insects in low-light conditions, often at dusk or during the night. They typically forage over open woodlands, savannas, scrub, and similar habitats, using their camouflaged plumage to perch on the ground or low branches undetected.

Breeding involves laying two eggs directly on bare ground or leaf litter, with both parents usually participating in incubation and chick rearing. Nest sites are chosen to blend with the surrounding substrate, making eggs and young difficult for predators to detect.

Caprimulgus species display migratory or nomadic tendencies, with many breeding in temperate regions and wintering in tropical areas. Taxonomically, Caprimulgus is one of several genera within Caprimulgidae; historical classifications have shifted as phylogenetic understanding has improved, moving some species to other genera.

A well-known member of the genus is the European nightjar (Caprimulgus europaeus). Conservation status among Caprimulgus species varies by species and region, with habitat loss and other threats affecting certain populations more than others. Overall, Caprimulgus nightjars are notable for their nocturnal habits, cryptic coloration, and reliance on aerial insectivory.