COVergiftung

COVergiftung, or carbon monoxide poisoning, is a potentially life-threatening condition caused by inhalation of carbon monoxide (CO), a colorless, odorless gas produced by incomplete combustion of carbon-containing fuels. It can occur in both residential and occupational settings and may affect individuals quickly in enclosed or poorly ventilated spaces.

The chemical mechanism involves CO binding to hemoglobin with a high affinity, forming carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) and reducing the blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity. CO also inhibits mitochondrial respiration, limiting cellular energy production. The combination of tissue hypoxia and impaired metabolism can affect organs with high oxygen demand, particularly the brain and heart.

Common sources include faulty or poorly ventilated furnaces, gas or kerosene heaters, charcoal grills used indoors, car exhaust in enclosed garages, and smoke inhalation from fires. Occupational risks exist in industries using engines or combustion equipment in inadequately ventilated areas. Susceptible individuals include children, pregnant women, the elderly, and people with cardiovascular disease.

Symptoms are often nonspecific and may resemble flu: headache, dizziness, weakness, nausea, confusion, and shortness of breath. In severe cases, chest pain, loss of consciousness, seizures, or coma can occur. Diagnosis relies on history of exposure and measurement of carboxyhemoglobin levels with co-oximetry; pulse oximetry may be unreliable.

Treatment focuses on removing the person from exposure and administering high-flow 100% oxygen, typically via a non-rebreather mask. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy may be indicated for severe poisoning, pregnancy, neurologic symptoms, or very high COHb levels. Prevention includes proper maintenance of fuel-burning appliances and installation of carbon monoxide detectors.

Prognosis depends on exposure level and duration; early treatment improves outcomes, but delayed or severe exposure can result in lasting neurologic or cardiac effects.