CCoV

Canine coronavirus (CCoV) is an enveloped, positive-sense RNA virus in the family Coronaviridae that primarily infects dogs. It belongs to the genus Alphacoronavirus and exists mainly as an enteric pathogen. Two major serotypes, type I and type II, have been described, with genetic diversity contributing to differences in antigenicity and surveillance.

CCoV mainly targets intestinal epithelial cells, causing enteric disease. The typical form leads to mild to moderate diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration, especially in young puppies. In some cases, pantropic variants may cause systemic illness with more severe signs. Transmission occurs primarily via the fecal-oral route and can occur in kennels, shelters, and households where dogs are in close contact.

Diagnosis is usually based on clinical signs supported by laboratory testing, with reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on fecal samples being the standard method. Serology and virus isolation are less commonly used in routine practice. Differential diagnoses include other causes of gastroenteritis, notably canine parvovirus.

Prevention relies on vaccination as part of combination vaccines that include CCoV components. Vaccines can reduce disease severity but may not completely prevent infection or shedding, and maternal antibodies can influence early protection. Good hygiene and management in kennels and shelters help reduce transmission.

Treatment is supportive, focusing on fluid therapy, antiemetics, and nutritional support; antibiotics may be used for secondary bacterial infections. The prognosis is generally favorable with appropriate care, though mortality is higher in very young or severely affected puppies and in cases with co-infections. CCoV is not considered a zoonotic risk to humans.