C4H10

C4H10 is the molecular formula for butane, a saturated hydrocarbon that exists as two constitutional isomers: n-butane, a straight-chain form, and isobutane (also called methylpropane), a branched form. Both are alkanes in the CnH2n+2 series and share typical alkane properties such as relatively low reactivity and combustion as a major energy source when oxygen is present.

Structure and nomenclature: n-Butane consists of a linear chain of four carbon atoms (CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3). Isobutane has a central carbon bonded to three methyl groups, giving the formula (CH3)3CH. Both isomers have the same molecular formula, C4H10, and a molecular weight of about 58.12 g/mol.

Physical properties and occurrence: Both forms are colorless and flammable gases at room temperature, easily pressurized into liquids for storage. They are common components of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and are produced during natural gas processing and petroleum refining.

Uses and reactions: As alkanes, they are relatively inert under ordinary conditions but burn in air to produce carbon dioxide and water when combustion is complete. They can also undergo various petrochemical transformations, such as cracking or dehydrogenation, to yield lighter hydrocarbons or other derivatives. Isobutane serves as a feedstock for certain alkene production.

Safety and environment: C4H10 is highly flammable and forms potentially explosive mixtures with air; storage and handling require appropriate containment and avoidance of heat or ignition sources. Combustion contributes to atmospheric CO2 and water vapor.