Bronkokonstriktio

Bronkokonstriktio refers to the narrowing of the airways in the lungs, specifically the bronchi and bronchioles. This narrowing is caused by the contraction of smooth muscles that surround these airways. It impedes the normal flow of air into and out of the lungs, leading to symptoms such as difficulty breathing, wheezing, coughing, and chest tightness.

Several factors can trigger bronkokonstriktio. Allergic reactions are a common cause, where the body releases histamine and other inflammatory mediators that cause the muscles to constrict. Asthma is a chronic condition characterized by recurrent episodes of bronkokonstriktio. Other triggers include irritants in the air such as smoke, pollution, and strong odors, as well as respiratory infections like bronchitis and pneumonia. Certain medications, particularly beta-blockers, can also induce bronkokonstriktio in susceptible individuals.

The physiological response involves the autonomic nervous system. Parasympathetic stimulation, often through acetylcholine, promotes bronchoconstriction, while sympathetic stimulation, primarily through adrenaline, causes bronchodilation. In conditions like asthma, there is an imbalance leading to excessive parasympathetic tone or hypersensitivity to constricting stimuli.

Diagnosis typically involves a physical examination, listening to lung sounds with a stethoscope, and pulmonary function tests such as spirometry, which measures how much air can be exhaled and how quickly. Treatment aims to relieve the bronchoconstriction and address the underlying cause. Bronchodilators, which relax the airway muscles, are commonly used. In cases of inflammation, corticosteroids may be prescribed. Identifying and avoiding triggers is also a crucial part of management.