Biopesticides

Biopesticides are pest management products derived from natural materials, including living organisms such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses, as well as plant extracts and minerals. They are designed to control pests with a focus on reduced risk to humans, non-target organisms, and the environment. Biopesticides are commonly used within integrated pest management programs and are often compatible with organic farming practices.

Biopesticides are typically categorized into four main groups. Microbial pesticides use microorganisms that suppress pests through infection or antagonism; examples include Bacillus thuringiensis formulations that target caterpillars, Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis for aquatic larvae, and fungi such as Beauveria bassiana or Metarhizium anisopliae. Botanical pesticides rely on plant-derived compounds, such as neem extracts (azadirachtin) and pyrethrins. Biochemical pesticides include natural substances like pheromones and other semiochemicals that disrupt pest behavior or trap pests. Plant-incorporated protectants involve genetically modified crops that produce pesticidal substances to deter or kill pests.

Biopesticides offer several advantages, including higher target specificity, lower toxicity to humans and many non-target organisms, reduced chemical residues, and better compatibility with IPM and organic systems. They also often degrade more quickly in the environment, reducing long-term persistence.

Limitations and regulatory aspects are important considerations. Biopesticides may have a narrower spectrum of activity, variable field performance, and higher production costs. Pests can develop resistance over time, necessitating rotating products or integrating additional control methods. Regulatory agencies evaluate safety for humans, non-target species, and the environment, and registered uses are specified on product labels; some biopesticides are permitted for organic agriculture.