neem

Neem, or Azadirachta indica, is an evergreen tree in the mahogany family native to the Indian subcontinent. It grows up to 15–20 meters tall and tolerates drought, poor soils, and heat. It is cultivated across the tropics for its rapid growth and multiple uses, including pest management, medicine, and personal care products.

The insecticidal activity is largely due to azadirachtin, a limonoid found in seeds, fruit kernels, and oil. Other related compounds such as salannin, nimbin, and gedunin contribute to activity. Neem products include seed cake, oil, and leaf extracts.

In agriculture, neem is used as a botanical pesticide and growth regulator, primarily as an insect repellent and anti-feedant that disrupts feeding and development of a variety of pests, including caterpillars, aphids, whiteflies, and beetles. Neem oil formulations, seed cake, and powders are used in organic farming and home gardens. It is often employed as part of integrated pest management.

In traditional medicine and personal care, neem has been used in Ayurveda and other systems for skin conditions, fever, and dental care. Modern evidence is mixed; some studies show antimicrobial or anti-inflammatory properties, but neem should not be regarded as a cure and is used with caution.

Safety and environmental notes: Neem oil can cause skin irritation in some people; high-dose ingestion of neem products can be toxic. Neem seed cake can affect non-target organisms if applied improperly. Because neem compounds can affect aquatic life, products should be used away from waterways.

Origin and distribution: native to India and neighboring regions, neem has been widely planted in Africa, Southeast Asia, Latin America, and elsewhere for pest control and agroforestry. Neem remains a subject of ongoing research for medical and agricultural applications.