Biofilmiin

Biofilmiin is the Estonian term for biofilm, a structured community of microorganisms attached to a surface and embedded in a self-produced extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). Biofilms can form on living tissues and medical devices, as well as on inert surfaces such as pipes, concrete, and industrial equipment.

Formation proceeds through several stages: initial reversible attachment of cells to a surface, followed by irreversible adhesion mediated by surface molecules; microcolonies grow; cells produce EPS, forming a three-dimensional matrix that anchors the community and creates channels for nutrient and waste transport. Mature biofilms exhibit spatial heterogeneity and resistance to environmental stresses.

Composition and properties: The matrix, mainly polysaccharides, proteins, extracellular DNA, and lipids, retains water and concentrates enzymes and nutrients. The structure creates protective microenvironments, supports cooperative metabolism, and enables cells to survive antimicrobial agents, desiccation, and shear forces.

Ecology and implications: Biofilms are common in natural and engineered settings and can provide ecological benefits, such as in wastewater treatment and bioremediation. However, they pose challenges in medicine (implant infections, chronic wounds, dental plaque) and industry (biofouling, corrosion, clogging). Biofilms can display increased tolerance to antimicrobials due to limited penetration, slow growth, and stress responses.

Detection and control: Biofilms are detected by microscopy, staining (e.g., crystal violet), and molecular methods, though culture alone is often insufficient. Control strategies include mechanical removal, chemical disinfectants and oxidants, enzymatic treatments, and approaches targeting signaling pathways (quorum sensing) or matrix components. Preventive measures include anti-biofilm coatings and optimized cleaning regimes.