quorum

Quorum is the minimum number of members of a deliberative assembly required to legally conduct business. It ensures decisions are made with sufficient representation and legitimacy. If a quorum is not present, the body typically cannot vote on matters, and meetings may be adjourned or the rules may allow waiting until a quorum is present or rescheduling.

Quorum thresholds vary by organization and jurisdiction. They are usually specified in governing documents such as bylaws, constitutions, or statutes. Commonly, a simple majority of current members is required, but some bodies fix a smaller floor such as one-third, or require a majority of the entire membership regardless of vacancies. Quorum can be met by physical attendance or, where permitted, by remote participation, proxies, or other authorized means.

In practice, the presence of a quorum authorizes the body to transact business. If attendance falls below the threshold, any actions taken may be considered invalid or subject to challenge, and formal business is usually postponed. Some rules distinguish between "present" and "participating" members, and certain decisions may require higher thresholds (for example, amending bylaws, approving budgets, or removing officers).

In corporate governance, boards or committees adopt quorum rules to ensure decisions reflect a representative portion of the body. In legislatures, quorum requirements govern the validity of votes and can vary widely. Quorum concepts also appear in other contexts, such as commissions, associations, and various formal bodies.

Etymology: The term derives from Latin quorum, the genitive plural of qui, meaning "of whom." It denotes the minimum critical mass of participants necessary to conduct official business.