Bioaerosoler

Bioaerosoler, or bioaerosols, are airborne particles of biological origin that may include viable microorganisms or non-viable components such as fragments, toxins, or pollen. They originate from soil, water, plants, animals, humans, and built environments, and can be released during coughing, speaking, cleaning, showering, or from damp materials. Sizes range from about 0.01 to more than 100 micrometers; smaller particles can reach the lower respiratory tract and travel with air currents.

Health effects vary by constituent and host factors. Exposure can cause allergic reactions, airway irritation, asthma, infections, or hypersensitivity pneumonitis in susceptible individuals. Vulnerable groups include children, the elderly, and immunocompromised people. In healthcare, agriculture, and indoor environments, bioaerosols influence infection risk and indoor air quality.

Measurement uses air sampling with filters, impactors, or liquid collectors, followed by culture, microscopy, or molecular methods (PCR, sequencing) to identify components. Viability assessment is complex, so risk is often inferred from concentration and exposure duration.

Control measures emphasize ventilation, filtration (e.g., HEPA), humidity control, source management, and regular cleaning to limit growth and dispersion. In sensitive settings, additional safeguards reduce exposure. Regulatory frameworks vary by country, and research continues to improve standardized monitoring and risk assessment.