Bergverk

Bergverk, or mining, is the extraction of minerals from the earth. It covers the entire sequence from prospecting and exploration to extraction, processing and the rehabilitation of mined areas. Minerals mined include metals such as iron, copper and gold, coal, and industrial minerals like limestone, salt and phosphate. The industry also encompasses related activities such as ore beneficiation, smelting and refining to produce usable metal or materials.

Mining operations are commonly classified by method. Open-pit mining is used when the ore body is near the surface, while underground mining is employed for deeper deposits and involves techniques such as room-and-pillar, longwall and cut-and-fill. The search for ore involves geological mapping, geophysical surveys and drilling to determine size, grade and geometry of the deposit.

The extraction process typically includes drilling, blasting, loading and hauling of ore, followed by processing to concentrate valuable minerals. Processing may involve crushing and grinding, flotation or other separation methods, and eventually metallurgical treatment to produce refined metals. Waste rock and tailings are managed to minimize environmental impact, and land is often reclaimed after mine closure.

Environmental and safety considerations are central to modern bergverk. Impacts include landscape alteration, water and air pollution risks, energy use, and occupational hazards such as rock falls, gas exposure and dust. Regulation, licensing, environmental standards and safety protocols guide practices, monitoring, and remediation efforts.

Economically, mining is capital-intensive and cyclical, influenced by commodity prices, tariffs and policy, with implications for employment and regional development. Advances in automation, safety technology and sustainable practices shape current and future bergverk activities.