Batch

Batch is a term used to describe a group of items that are processed, produced, or handled together as a single lot rather than individually. The concept appears in several domains, including manufacturing, computing, and information processing, and emphasizes the efficiency of treating multiple items as a unit.

In computing, batch processing refers to the execution of a series of jobs without interactive input. Jobs are collected, stored, and run according to a schedule or trigger, often during off-peak hours to maximize resource utilization. Batch systems manage queuing, dependency handling, error recovery, and result consolidation. Batch processing contrasts with interactive or real-time processing, which responds to user actions or events as they occur. In some environments, a batch queue can be augmented by a batch command interface or a batch assistant that inspects the system for idle periods before starting work.

In manufacturing and pharmaceuticals, a batch denotes a defined quantity produced or processed under uniform conditions. Batch records document materials, processes, and quality checks to ensure traceability and regulatory compliance. Products are labeled with batch identifiers to enable lot tracking and recall if needed.

In software and data processing, batch methods include batch scripting, batch files (.bat) in Windows, and batch-oriented data pipelines that perform ETL operations on collected data. In machine learning, training on data in batches (mini-batches) is a common technique to balance performance and memory usage.

Overall, batching aims to improve efficiency, consistency, and traceability by handling multiple items cohesively rather than individually.