BPSD
Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD) refer to a range of non-cognitive symptoms that commonly accompany dementia. BPSD is not a specific diagnosis and can occur across forms of dementia, including Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia.
Typical manifestations include agitation, aggression, wandering, delusions, hallucinations, depression, anxiety, apathy, irritability, disinhibition, sleep disturbance, and
BPSD is highly prevalent, especially as dementia progresses. Estimates vary, but behavior and mood symptoms affect
Causes are multifactorial and include neurodegenerative brain changes, sensory impairment, pain, infection, metabolic disturbances, medication effects,
Assessment relies on history from caregivers and clinician observations. Structured tools such as the Neuropsychiatric Inventory
Management emphasizes nonpharmacologic, person-centered approaches as first line. Environmental modification, routines, activities, sleep optimization, and caregiver
Antipsychotics may be prescribed for short periods to manage severe agitation or psychosis but carry mortality
BPSD can elevate caregiver burden and risk of institutionalization. Symptoms may fluctuate and respond to treating
Guidelines emphasize nonpharmacologic care and cautious use of medications, with individualized plans and caregiver education.