Arctium

Arctium is a genus of flowering plants in the daisy family Asteraceae, commonly known as burdock. The genus includes several species, notably Arctium lappa (greater burdock) and Arctium minus (lesser burdock). These plants are valued for their distinctive burrs and their historical use in cuisine and medicine, though they are also considered weeds in many regions.

These are tall, biennial or perennial herbs. In the first year they form a rosette of large, heart-shaped leaves. In the second year they bolt, producing tall flowering stalks with dense heads of purple flowers. After flowering, the heads develop hooked burrs that cling to fur and clothing, aiding seed dispersal.

Native to Europe and Asia, Arctium species have become naturalized in North America and other temperate regions. They commonly grow in disturbed soils, along roadsides, fields, and waste areas. The plants prefer sunny locations and can spread aggressively where competition is limited.

Ecology and reproduction hinge on the burrs, which attach to animals and humans for dispersal. Pollination is primarily by insects, and the seeds can spread widely through movement of people and animals. Arctium species are often regarded as weedy due to their persistence and ability to crowd out other vegetation.

Uses and cultural significance vary. The root is edible and has been used as a vegetable in various cuisines, particularly after careful preparation. Leaves can be cooked as greens, and the plant has a history of use in traditional medicine as a diuretic and anti-inflammatory; modern evidence for medicinal benefits is limited. Burdock contains components such as inulin and various phenolics, but reliability and safety of herbal use can vary. Caution is advised to avoid misidentification with similar looking species, and management may be required in agricultural or natural settings to prevent spread.