crowd

A crowd is a large gathering of people in a shared physical space, typically temporary. It is not formally organized beyond proximity; individuals may act independently but are influenced by others in the group.

Crowds can form in many contexts: at public events (sports, concerts), demonstrations, markets, transit hubs. They can arise spontaneously or be planned. They are often characterized by high density and potential for rapid movement.

Crowds exhibit collective behavior that differs from individuals acting separately. Social influence, conformity, deindividuation, and emotional contagion can lead to rapid shifts in mood or action. There are subtypes: casual crowds (standing in a queue), expressive crowds (audiences at performances), and action crowds (participants in a protest or riot).

Risks and safety: High density, limited exits, and poor planning can lead to accidents like stampedes or crush injuries. Risk assessment and crowd management aim to reduce harm through venue design, crowd flow, signage, trained personnel, and emergency procedures.

Researchers study crowd dynamics using theories from sociology and psychology; understanding crowds informs public safety, event management, urban design, and emergency preparedness.