Anger

Anger is an emotional response characterized by displeasure, antagonism, or hostility toward something perceived as harmful, unjust, or frustrating. It ranges from mild irritation to intense fury and is often accompanied by physiological arousal such as increased heart rate and muscle tension. Evolutionarily, anger can mobilize action to address threats, but its expression is shaped by social norms and self-regulation.

Anger arises when an individual perceives that goals are blocked or unfair treatment has occurred. Triggers include slights, perceived injustice, frustration, and ongoing stress. It can be a temporary state (state anger) or a stable tendency (trait anger), influenced by cognitive factors such as blame attributions and rumination.

Unmanaged anger is associated with interpersonal conflict, aggression, and increased cardiovascular risk. Constructive expression—empathic communication, assertiveness, and problem solving—can mitigate harm and improve outcomes.

Clinically, anger is a normal emotion but may reflect or contribute to disorders such as intermittent explosive disorder or mood disorders when frequent and poorly controlled. Management strategies include self-awareness, cooling-off periods, cognitive reappraisal, and development of communication skills. Relaxation techniques and regular physical activity can support regulation.

Cultural and gender norms influence how anger is perceived and expressed, affecting willingness to display or suppress it. This overview summarizes anger as a common, multifaceted emotion with diverse causes, expressions, and implications for health and relationships.