Anatidae

Anatidae is a biological family of waterfowl within the order Anseriformes, comprising ducks, geese, and swans. With roughly 170 species across many genera, anatids inhabit wetlands, rivers, lakes, estuaries, and coastal environments worldwide. They span a wide range of sizes and plumages, from small dabbling ducks to large swans.

Taxonomy and morphology: The family is divided into two subfamilies: Anserinae (geese and swans) and Anatinae (ducks). Members typically have webbed feet, broad flattened bills, and dense down. Plumage may change seasonally in many species. Notable genera include Cygnus (swans), Branta and Anser (geese), and Anas, Mareca, and Aythya (ducks).

Ecology and behavior: Anatids are closely tied to aquatic habitats. Diets range from aquatic plants and seeds to invertebrates and small animals, depending on species and season. Some ducks dabble on the surface, others dive to forage underwater. They often form flocks outside the breeding season and undertake seasonal migrations between breeding and wintering grounds.

Reproduction: Nests are typically built near water; eggs are incubated mainly by females. Chicks are precocial and feed themselves soon after hatching, with parental care varying by species. Mating systems range from loose pairings to long-term bonds in some lineages.

Conservation and human interactions: Threats include habitat loss, pollution, and hunting in some regions. Several anatids are of conservation concern, while others are abundant or domesticated for meat, eggs, and feathers. They are important for ecosystems, game, and wildlife observation.