Amenorrhoea

Amenorrhoea refers to the absence of menstrual periods in women of reproductive age who have previously menstruated, or the absence of the onset of menstruation by the age of 16 in girls who have not yet begun their periods. It is a medical condition that can arise from various underlying causes, ranging from hormonal imbalances to structural abnormalities or systemic diseases.

Primary amenorrhoea occurs when menstruation has not begun by the age of 16, or within four years after the onset of secondary sexual characteristics such as breast development. Secondary amenorrhoea is diagnosed when a woman who has previously menstruated experiences a lack of periods for three consecutive months or longer, excluding pregnancy. Both forms require medical evaluation to identify the cause and determine appropriate treatment.

Common causes of amenorrhoea include pregnancy, hormonal disorders such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), thyroid dysfunction, and prolactin excess. Structural issues, such as uterine abnormalities or congenital conditions like Turner syndrome, can also contribute. Lifestyle factors, including extreme exercise, stress, or significant weight loss, may disrupt menstrual cycles. Additionally, certain medications, such as birth control pills or chemotherapy drugs, can suppress menstruation.

Diagnosis involves a detailed medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests, including hormone level assessments, pelvic imaging, and genetic testing if indicated. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include hormonal therapy, lifestyle modifications, or surgical intervention in cases of structural abnormalities.

While amenorrhoea can sometimes be temporary and resolve on its own, persistent absence of menstruation may lead to complications such as bone density loss, infertility, or metabolic disturbances. Early medical consultation is recommended to address potential health risks and explore appropriate management options.