Alkoholik

Alkoholik is a colloquial term used in several European languages to refer to a person who has an alcohol use disorder (AUD). In medical contexts, AUD is defined as a problematic pattern of alcohol use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress. The condition exists on a spectrum from hazardous drinking to dependence.

Common features include strong cravings for alcohol, loss of control over amount or frequency of drinking, withdrawal symptoms when not drinking, increasing tolerance, neglect of responsibilities or activities, continued use despite social, occupational, or health problems, and attempts to cut down that fail.

Risk factors include genetics, family history, early use, mental health disorders, social environment, stress, and cultural attitudes toward drinking. AUD is a chronic condition with potential relapses; recovery is possible with sustained treatment and support.

Treatment approaches combine medical and psychosocial interventions. Detoxification may be needed for withdrawal under medical supervision. Evidence-based treatments include behavioral therapies (cognitive-behavioral therapy, motivational interviewing), pharmacotherapy (naltrexone, acamprosate, disulfiram), and participation in mutual-help groups. Effective care often involves integrated medical, psychological, and social support and continuity of care.

Stigma and misconceptions can hinder help-seeking. Recognizing AUD as a medical condition and seeking professional help can improve outcomes. Access to treatment varies by country, but resources such as primary care, specialized addiction services, and hotlines exist in many regions.