misconceptions

Misconceptions are beliefs or ideas that people hold as true even when evidence or consensus suggests otherwise. They arise from cognitive shortcuts, cultural transmission, and incomplete or misinterpreted information.

They differ from mere disagreements because they reflect incorrect conclusions that persist despite knowledge available. Misconceptions can affect science, history, health, and everyday life.

Cognitive biases such as confirmation bias, the availability heuristic, and framing can make incorrect ideas seem plausible. Media representation, education gaps, and social influence also play roles.

Common examples include the idea that humans only use 10% of their brains; the belief that vaccines cause autism; or the notion that seasons result from the Earth's distance from the Sun.

Correcting misconceptions relies on clear explanations, credible evidence, and opportunities for critical thinking. Explicitly addressing the underlying cause and providing accessible demonstrations can reduce belief in incorrect ideas. Education and communication strategies that build explanatory frameworks help prevent the spread.

Understanding misconceptions is part of evaluating information and making informed decisions.