Aivovamma

Aivovamma is the Finnish term for brain injury, referring to damage to brain tissue caused by either traumatic events or non-traumatic processes. It includes a wide range of injuries from mild concussions to severe brain damage. Clinically, aivovamma is often described as traumatic brain injury (TBI) when caused by external force, while non-traumatic brain injury results from conditions such as stroke, anoxia, infection, tumor, or metabolic disorders.

Pathophysiology involves primary injury at the time of impact or onset, such as contusion or diffuse axonal injury, followed by secondary injury driven by swelling, inflammation, reduced blood flow, hypoxia, and increased intracranial pressure. Secondary processes can worsen outcomes even after the initial event.

Symptoms vary by injury severity and location, but common signs include headache, confusion, memory problems, dizziness, sensory or motor deficits, speech difficulties, mood changes, and, in severe cases, loss of consciousness. Diagnosis relies on clinical assessment, the Glasgow Coma Scale, and imaging such as CT or MRI to identify structural damage.

Treatment focuses on stabilizing the patient, preventing secondary brain injury, and addressing specific injuries. Acute care may involve neurosurgical intervention, medications to control swelling or seizures, and intensive monitoring. Rehabilitation—physical, occupational, cognitive, and speech therapy—aims to restore function and support longer-term recovery.

Prevention includes safety measures such as helmet use, seat belts, fall prevention, and careful management of oxygenation and blood flow in medical settings. Aivovammat remains a major cause of disability worldwide, with prognosis depending on severity, age, and comorbidities and ongoing research to improve prevention, acute care, and rehabilitation.