Common substances of concern in Estonia include alcohol, cannabis, amphetamines, and opioids. Alcohol remains the most widely abused substance, with high consumption rates contributing to health problems such as liver disease, mental health disorders, and social issues like violence and accidents. Cannabis is the most frequently used illicit drug, particularly among younger populations, while amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) like methamphetamine have seen rising trends in recent years. Opioid misuse, including prescription painkillers and heroin, also poses a growing challenge.
Estonian authorities address substance abuse through a combination of prevention, treatment, and harm reduction strategies. Prevention efforts focus on education in schools, public awareness campaigns, and restrictions on advertising and sales of alcohol. Treatment programs include detoxification, rehabilitation, and counseling services, often provided by non-governmental organizations and public health institutions. Harm reduction measures, such as needle exchange programs and supervised consumption sites, aim to minimize the risks associated with drug use.
Legal frameworks in Estonia criminalize the possession and trafficking of certain substances, though penalties vary depending on the type and quantity involved. Decriminalization debates have emerged, particularly regarding cannabis, as some argue for more pragmatic approaches to reduce stigma and improve public health outcomes. International cooperation, including participation in EU drug policy initiatives, also plays a role in Estonia’s efforts to combat substance abuse.
Research and monitoring are essential components of Estonia’s response, with organizations like the Estonian Health Insurance Fund and the National Institute for Health Development tracking trends in substance use and evaluating the effectiveness of interventions. Ongoing challenges include funding limitations, stigma surrounding treatment-seeking behavior, and the evolving nature of drug markets.