Agranülositoza

Agranülositoza is a severe and potentially life-threatening condition characterized by a drastic reduction in the number of granulocytes, a type of white blood cell essential for fighting infection. Specifically, it involves a significant decrease in neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils, leaving the body highly vulnerable to bacterial and fungal infections. The normal count of neutrophils typically ranges from 1.5 to 8.0 x 10^9/L, and agranülositoza is generally defined as a neutrophil count below 0.5 x 10^9/L.

This condition can arise from various causes. One of the most common is drug-induced agranülositoza, where certain medications, particularly those used in chemotherapy, antipsychotics, and some antibiotics, can suppress bone marrow function. Other causes include autoimmune disorders where the body mistakenly attacks its own granulocytes, certain viral infections, and exposure to radiation or toxic chemicals. In some instances, the cause remains unknown, a condition termed idiopathic agranülositoza.

Symptoms of agranülositoza typically manifest due to the body's inability to combat infections. These can include fever, chills, sore throat, mouth sores, skin infections, and fatigue. The severity of symptoms often correlates with the degree of granulocyte reduction. Diagnosis is made through a complete blood count (CBC) that reveals a critically low granulocyte count. A peripheral blood smear can help differentiate agranülositoza from other blood disorders.

Treatment focuses on addressing the underlying cause, if identifiable, and preventing or treating infections. This may involve discontinuing offending medications, administering antibiotics or antifungal agents, and in severe cases, stimulating bone marrow recovery with growth factors like granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). Due to the high risk of severe infections, prompt medical attention is crucial for individuals suspected of having agranülositoza.