Aglais

Aglais is a genus of butterflies in the family Nymphalidae, subfamily Nymphalinae. In Europe and Asia, species in this genus are commonly referred to as tortoiseshells, a name that reflects the mottled orange and dark wing patterns seen in many members. The genus is primarily Palearctic, with populations occupying woodlands, hedgerows, and meadow margins where nettles are available.

Taxonomy and species within Aglais are best known for two widespread members: Aglais io, the peacock butterfly, and Aglais urticae, the small tortoiseshell. Identification keys emphasize the orange to brown uppersides with black markings and pale spots along the borders, plus characteristic eyespots on the hindwings in many species. Taxonomic revisions have affected the circumscription of some related tortoiseshell taxa, but Aglais remains a distinct genus in many classifications.

Biology and ecology: Larvae (caterpillars) of Aglais species primarily feed on nettles (Urtica spp.) and related plants. Eggs are laid on the host plants, and early instar caterpillars feed communally before dispersing as they grow. Pupation occurs on foliage, and adults typically feed on nectar. In temperate regions, many Aglais species overwinter as adults and reemerge in spring, with the number of broods per year varying by climate from one to multiple generations.

Distribution and conservation: Aglais species are common in suitable habitats across parts of Europe and Asia, with strong ties to nettle-rich environments. While generally widespread and not globally threatened, local populations can decline where nettle habitats are reduced by agriculture, urbanization, or pesticide use.

Ecology and behavior: Adults are often seen on sunlit patches of habitat, visiting flowers for nectar and using their wing patterns as deterrents against predators. The genus contributes to pollination and serves as prey for birds and insects within its ecosystems.