Adenitis

Adenitis is inflammation of a gland or lymph node. The term is commonly used to describe lymphadenitis, inflammation of lymph nodes, which can accompany infection or inflammatory conditions. It can also refer to inflammation of a salivary gland or other gland.

Common sites include cervical (neck), axillary (armpit), and inguinal (groin) lymph nodes, as well as the salivary glands such as the parotid. In children, cervical lymphadenitis is frequent and often follows upper respiratory infections. In adults, causes include bacterial infection, abscess formation, dental infections, or obstruction; autoimmune diseases such as sarcoidosis or Kawasaki disease can produce chronic adenitis.

Clinical features vary by location and cause but often include tender, swollen glands or nodes, warmth or redness over the area, fever, and malaise. Abscess formation may cause focal collection of pus and longer-standing swelling. Systemic signs occur with more extensive infection. Diagnosis relies on history and examination, supported by laboratory tests such as complete blood count and inflammatory markers (CRP, ESR). Imaging with ultrasound helps evaluate superficial nodes and detect abscesses; CT or MRI may be needed for deeper involvement. In uncertain cases or when malignancy is a concern, biopsy or fine-needle aspiration may be performed.

Treatment targets the underlying cause. Bacterial lymphadenitis typically requires antibiotics and management of any source infection; incision and drainage may be needed for abscesses. Supportive care includes analgesia, hydration, and warm compresses. Salivary gland adenitis is managed with hydration, sialogogues, and antibiotics when infection is suspected. Autoimmune or other noninfectious causes are addressed according to the specific condition. Most cases improve with appropriate therapy, though persistent or unusual lymphadenopathy warrants further evaluation.