ADC

An analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is an electronic device that converts a continuous-time, analog input signal into a discrete-time, digital representation. It samples the input at a specified sampling rate and quantizes the sample to a finite set of levels determined by its resolution.

Key performance characteristics include resolution (number of bits), which defines the number of discrete levels; sampling rate, which determines how often samples are taken; and accuracy metrics such as signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and integral nonlinearity (INL). The quantization error is typically within ±½ LSB. The full-scale range and input impedance, the reference voltage, and temperature stability also affect performance. Dynamic range and linearity influence how well the ADC preserves signal details.

Common architectures include successive approximation register (SAR) ADCs, which balance speed and power; flash (or parallel) ADCs, which are very fast but high in cost and power; sigma-delta ADCs, which excel in low-frequency, high-precision applications; and pipeline ADCs, which offer high speed with moderate resolution.

Applications: measurement and control systems, instrumentation, data acquisition, audio processing, sensors in automotive and industrial environments. Interfaces include serial protocols such as SPI and I2C, or parallel bus; ADCs may be integrated in microcontrollers or designed as standalone components.

Other uses of the acronym: In some team-based video games, ADC stands for Attack Damage Carry, a role focused on dealing sustained ranged physical damage, typically in the game's bottom lane with support.